Sleep
Sleep difficulties, including trouble falling or staying asleep (insomnia), are common and can significantly affect daytime energy, mood and concentration
About sleep
Sleep is regulated by the body's internal clock and a build-up of "sleep pressure" through the day. Short-term insomnia is often linked to stress, life changes, noise, or an irregular routine, while longer-term insomnia can develop its own pattern, sometimes tied to anxiety about sleep itself, other health conditions or medicines
Treatments
Symptoms
• Difficulty falling asleep
• Waking frequently during the night
• Waking too early and being unable to get back to sleep
• Feeling unrefreshed after sleep
• Daytime tiredness, irritability or poor concentration
• Symptoms occurring at least three nights a week for short-term insomnia
Diagnosis
Insomnia is usually diagnosed from a description of sleep patterns, duration and daytime impact, sometimes supported by a sleep diary. Persistent insomnia, or symptoms suggesting another sleep disorder (such as loud snoring with pauses in breathing), may need further assessment
Treatment
Short-term sleep aids, such as antihistamine-based products or short courses of prescribed sleeping tablets, may help occasionally but aren't recommended for regular long-term use. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the most effective long-term treatment, addressing sleep habits and thought patterns around sleep
Prevention and self-care
• Keep a consistent sleep and wake time, even at weekends
• Limit caffeine and alcohol, especially in the afternoon and evening
• Create a dark, quiet, cool sleep environment
• Avoid screens close to bedtime
• Get regular daylight exposure and physical activity during the day
• Avoid long or late daytime naps
Reviewed by Hamza Iqbal Naheed, Superintendent Pharmacist, GPhC 2209194 (check the register) · Last updated 22 September 2026