Cystitis
Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). It's common, especially in women, and often clears up quickly with treatment
About cystitis
Cystitis develops when bacteria, usually from the bowel, enter the urethra and travel to the bladder. It's more common in women because of a shorter urethra, and can be triggered by sex, dehydration, and not fully emptying the bladder. Most cases are uncomplicated, but infection can occasionally spread to the kidneys if untreated
Treatments
Symptoms
• Burning or stinging when passing urine
• Needing to urinate more often or urgently
• Cloudy, dark or strong-smelling urine
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
• Blood in the urine
• Feeling generally unwell (a sign infection may be spreading)
Diagnosis
Cystitis is often diagnosed from typical symptoms alone, sometimes supported by a urine dipstick test checking for signs of infection. A urine sample may be sent for culture if symptoms are unclear, recurrent, or not improving with treatment
Treatment
A short course of antibiotics (commonly nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim) usually clears uncomplicated cystitis within a few days. Drinking plenty of fluids and simple pain relief can ease symptoms. Symptoms suggesting kidney involvement (fever, back pain, vomiting) need urgent medical assessment
Prevention and self-care
• Drink plenty of water
• Urinate soon after sex
• Fully empty the bladder each time
• Wipe front to back
• Avoid harsh soaps or douches near the genital area
• Avoid holding in urine for long periods
• Consider cranberry products or D-mannose, though evidence is mixed
Reviewed by Hamza Iqbal Naheed, Superintendent Pharmacist, GPhC 2209194 (check the register) · Last updated 21 September 2026