Constipation
Constipation means passing stools less often than usual, or having stools that are hard, dry or difficult to pass. It's a common, usually short-term problem
About constipation
Constipation happens when stool moves too slowly through the bowel, allowing more water to be absorbed and making it harder and drier. Common causes include a low-fibre diet, not drinking enough fluids, inactivity, some medicines, ignoring the urge to go, pregnancy and changes in routine
Treatments
Symptoms
• Fewer than three bowel movements a week
• Hard, lumpy or dry stools
• Straining or pain when passing stool
• A feeling of incomplete emptying
• Bloating or stomach cramps
• Reduced appetite
Diagnosis
Constipation is usually diagnosed from symptoms and bowel habit history alone. Further investigation may be needed if there's unexplained weight loss, bleeding, a persistent change in bowel habit, or symptoms that don't improve with treatment
Treatment
Increasing fibre, fluids and activity is the first step. If needed, laxatives can help: bulk-forming laxatives increase stool size and softness, osmotic laxatives draw water into the bowel, and stimulant laxatives encourage bowel movement; the right choice depends on symptoms and how quickly relief is needed
Prevention and self-care
• Eat plenty of fibre (fruit, vegetables, wholegrains)
• Drink enough fluids throughout the day
• Stay physically active
• Respond promptly to the urge to go
• Establish a regular toilet routine
• Avoid long-term laxative use without advice
Reviewed by Hamza Iqbal Naheed, Superintendent Pharmacist, GPhC 2209194 (check the register) · Last updated 21 September 2026