Acne
Acne is a common skin condition that develops when hair follicles become blocked with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells. It most often affects the face, chest, shoulders and back
About acne
Acne varies from mild blackheads and whiteheads to inflamed spots, deeper lumps and cysts. Hormonal changes, excess oil production, blocked pores and bacteria on the skin all contribute. It's most common during the teenage years but can occur at any age, and while not dangerous, it can affect confidence and, if left untreated, may lead to permanent scarring
Treatments
Symptoms
• Blackheads (open blocked pores)
• Whiteheads (closed blocked pores)
• Red, inflamed spots (papules)
• Pus-filled spots (pustules)
• Painful lumps or cysts beneath the skin
• Oily skin
• Acne scarring or dark marks after spots have healed
Diagnosis
Acne is usually diagnosed by examining the skin and discussing symptoms; no blood tests or scans are normally needed. Severe, scarring or treatment-resistant acne may need referral to a dermatologist
Treatment
Treatment depends on severity and may include topical treatments (benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids or azelaic acid), combination treatments with a topical antibiotic, or oral antibiotics for moderate acne. Hormonal treatments may suit some women, and severe or resistant acne may need specialist oral retinoid treatment. Most treatments take 6-8 weeks to show improvement, with a full course usually continued for around 12 weeks
Prevention and self-care
• Wash skin gently twice daily with a mild cleanser
• Use non-comedogenic (non pore-blocking) moisturisers, sunscreen and make-up
• Avoid squeezing or picking spots, as this increases scarring risk
• Remove make-up before bed
• Follow treatment as prescribed, even if improvement feels gradual
• A balanced diet is generally recommended, though evidence for specific diet changes is limited
Reviewed by Hamza Iqbal Naheed, Superintendent Pharmacist, GPhC 2209194 (check the register) · Last updated 21 September 2026